Gun Powder Essay Example

Gun Powder Essay Example Gun Powder Essay Gun Powder Essay Gunpowder (a. k. a black powder) is a mixture of sulphur, charcoal, and potassium nitrate. Gunpowder is a compound that can be made just using potassium nitrate and charcoal, but without the sulphur, the powder is not as strong as with the sulphur. It burns rapidly, producing a volume of hot gas that is made up of carbon dioxide, water, and nitrogen, and a solid residue of potassium sulfide. Because of its burning rate and properties and the amount of heat and gas volume that it can generate, gunpowder has and is been widely used as a propellant in firearms and as a pyrotechnic composition in fireworks. The term of gunpowder also refers broadly to any powder that has propellant. Though modern firearms do not use the traditional gunpowder, instead they use smokeless powder. The burn rate of gunpowder can be changed by corning. Corning first compresses the fine black powder formula into blocks with a fixed density of around 1. 7 g/cm?. The blocks are then broken up into granules. These granules are then sorted by size to give various grades of black powder. Different grades of black powder are use for different things. In the U. S. standard grades of black powder runs from the coarse Fg grade that are used in large bore rifles and small cannons. Through FFg which is used in medium and small-bore weapons such as muskets and fusils, FFFg used in small-bore rifles and pistols, and FFFFg that is used in extreme small bore, short pistols and for priming flintlocks. A simple, in a way, chemical equation for the combustion of black powder is 2 KNO3 + S + 3 C K2S + N2 + 3 CO2. The more accur ate, though simplified a bit, is 10 KNO3 + 3 S + 8 C 2 K2CO3 + 3 K2SO4 + 6 CO2 + 5 N2. : Burning gunpowder does not take place as a single reaction, and the byproducts are not easily predicted. One studys results showed that it produced: 55. 91% solid products: potassium carbonate, potassium sulfate, potassium sulfide, sulfur, potassium nitrate, potassium thiocyanate, carbon, ammonium carbonate. 42. 98% gaseous products: carbon dioxide, nitrogen, carbon monoxide, hydrogen sulfide, hydrogen, methane, and 1. 11% water. Black powder that is made with sodium nitrate tends to be hygroscopic, unlike black powders made from saltpeter. Because black powder that is made with saltpeter is less affected by moisture in the air, and it can be stored unsealed for centuries without degradation if it is kept dry. Contrasting, black powder made with sodium nitrate has to be sealed from the moisture in the air to remain stable for long periods. Advantages In firearms, black powder allows loading by volumetric measure, where as smokeless powder requires precise measuring of the charge by weight to prevent damage due to overloading, but damage by overloading is still possible with black powder. In quarrying, high explosives are generally preferred for shattering rock. Though, because of its low brisance, black powder causes fewer fractures and results in more usable stone compared to other explosives, making black powder useful for blasting monumental rocks such as granite and marble. Black powder is well suited for blank rounds, or signal flares, burst charges, and rescue-line launches. Black powder is also used in fireworks for lifting the shells in rockets as fuel, and in certain special effects. Disadvantages Black powder has a low energy density compared to modern smokeless powders, and it produces a thick smoke that can impair aiming and reveal a shooters position. Combustion converts less than half the mass of black powder to gas. The rest of it ends up as a thick layer of soot inside the barrel. In addition the residue from burnt black powder is hygroscopic and a caustic substance. When moisture from the air is absorbed, the potassium oxide or sodium oxide turns into hydroxide, which will corrode used iron or steel gun barrels. Black powder arms must be well cleaned both inside and outside to remove the residue. The Matchlock musket, which is an early gun, would be unusable in wet weather because of powder in the pan being exposed and dampened, in which case soldiers would have to use the ends as clubs or use their bayonets. Other uses Besides its habitual use as an explosive, gunpowder has been occasionally employed for other purposes. After the Battle of Aspern-Essling (1809), the surgeon of the Napoleonic Army Larrey combated the lack of food for the wounded under his care by preparing a bouillon of horse meat seasoned with gunpowder because of the lack of salt. It was also used for sterilizing on ships when there was no alcohol. Christiaan Huygens experimented with gunpowder in 1673 in an early attempt to build an internal combustion engine, but he did not succeed in making a practical engine. Fireworks and Firecrackers also use gunpowder but use different brands and different chemicals. Black powder is still used in delay-trains in modern arms. For instance, in a hand grenade, a mechanical striker ignites a percussion primer which ignites a slow black powder delay. The delay burns a few seconds until it gets to the high explosive primary, which detonates, initiating the grenade fill explosive, thus fragmenting the grenade and killing anyone in a 20ft radius. Transportation The UN Model Regulations on the Transportation of Dangerous Goods and national transportation authorities, such as United States Department of Transportation, have classified gunpowder as a Group A: Primary explosive substance for shipment because it ignites so easily. Complete manufactured devices containing black powder are usually classified as Group D: Secondary detonating substance, or black powder, or article containing secondary detonating substance, such as firework, class D model rocket engine, etc. , for shipment because they are harder to ignite than loose powder. As explosives, they all fall into the category of Class 1. Characteristics The term black powder was used in the late 19th century to distinguish prior gunpowder formulations from the new smokeless powders and semi-smokeless powders. Semi-smokeless powders featured bulk volume properties that coppied black powder in terms of chamber pressure when used in firearms, but had significantly reduced the amount of smoke and combustion products. Black powder is a granular mixture of a nitrate, usually potassium nitrate (KNO3), which supplies oxygen for the reaction charcoal, which provides carbon and other fuel for the reaction, simplified as carbon (C) sulfur (S), which, also serves as a fuel, lowers the temperature required to ignite the mixture, in doing so increasing the rate of combustion. Potassium nitrate is the most important ingredient in terms of both bulk and function because the combustion process releases oxygen from the potassium nitrate, preparing the rapid burning of the other ingredients. To reduce the likelihood of accidental ignition by static electricity, the granules of modern black powder are typically coated with graphite, which prevents the build-up of electrostatic charge. Charcoal does not consist of pure carbon, but rather, it consists of partially pyrolyzed cellulose, in which the wood is not completely decomposed. The current standard composition for the black powders that are manufactured by pyrotechnicians was adopted as long ago as 1780. Proportions by weight are 75% potassium nitrate, 15% softwood charcoal, and 10% sulfur. The ratios have varied over the centuries and by country, and can be altered depending on the purpose of the powder. For example, power grades of black powder, unsuitable for use in firearms but adequate for blasting rock, is called blasting powder rather than gunpowder, because of its standard proportions of 70% nitrate, 14% charcoal, and 16% sulfur. Blasting powder may be made with the cheaper sodium nitrate substituted for potassium nitrate and proportions may be as low as 40% nitrate, 30% charcoal, and 30% sulfur, but who knows. Colored Fire For gunpowder to burn a different color simply add different chemicals, such as those used in fireworks. For example barium which is used to create green colors in fireworks, copper to produce blue colors in fireworks, lithium which is a metal is used to give red colors to fireworks. In doing so different elements produce a different color.

African American History and Women Timeline 1870-1899

African American History and Women Timeline 1870-1899 [Previous] [Next] Women and African American History: 1870-1899 1870 15th Amendment to the US Constitution gave the right to vote without regard to race, color, or previous condition of servitude but the Amendment did not apply to African American women (or any other women) Susan McKinney Stewart, an early African American woman physician, received an M.D. from the New York Medical College and Hospital for Women 1871 (October 6) Fisk University Jubilee Singers began their first-ever national tour, singing gospel music to raise money for the University 1872 (April) Charlotte Ray admitted to the Washington, DC, bar; she graduated that year from Howard University Law School 1873 Sarah Moore Grimke died (abolitionist, womens rights proponent, sister of Angelina Grimke Weld) 1874 1875 (July 10) Mary McLeod Bethune born Civil Rights Act of 1875 outlaws discrimination in public accomodations (invalidated in Plessy v. Ferguson, 1896) 1876 1877 Rutherford B. Hayes ended Reconstruction by withdrawing US Army troops from the South 1878 1879 Mary Eliza Mahoney graduated from the nursing school at the New England Hospital for Women and Children, Boston, becoming the first African American professional nurse Angelina Emily Grimke Weld died (abolitionist, womens rights proponent, sister of Sarah Moore Grimke) 1880 (October 20)  Lydia Maria Child  died (abolitionist, writer) (November 11)  Lucretia Mott  died (Quaker abolitionist and womens rights advocate) 1881 Tennessee passed first Jim Crow laws Sophia B. Packard and Harriet E. Giles founded Spelman College, the first college for African American women 1882   (September 8)  Sarah Mapps Douglass  died 1883 (November 26)  Sojourner Truth  died (abolitionist, womens rights proponent, minister, lecturer)   Mary Ann Shadd Cary  became the second African American woman in the United States to earn a law degree 1884   Mary Church Terrell  (then Mary Church) graduated from Oberlin College (activist, clubwoman) (January 24)  Helen Pitts  married Frederick Douglass, setting off controversy and opposition to their interracial marriage 1885 (June 6)  ALelia Walker, daughter of  Madam C.J. Walker, born (activist, executive, Harlem Renaissance figure) Sarah Goode received the first patent awarded to an African American woman 1886 1887 1888 1889 (January 28) Prudence Crandall died (educator) 1890 Emma Frances Grayson Merritt (1860-1933) established the first U.S. kindergarten for African American students   The House of Bondage, a collection of slave narratives, published, written by former slave Octavia R. Albert   Clarence and Corinne or Gods Way  published by the American Baptist Publication, the first Sunday School book written by an African American Janie Porter Barrett founded the Locust Street Settlement House in Hampton, Virginia 1891 newspaper  Freedom: a Revolutionary Anarchist-Communist Monthly  founded by  Lucy Parsons 1892 Anna Julia Cooper published  Voice of the South, writing of the status of African American women   Hallie Brown  served as lady principal (dean of women), Tuskegee Institute President Benjamin Harrison entertained by Sissieretta Jones (singer) Frances Ellen Watkins Harper published  Iola Leroy: or Shadows Uplifted Patent issued for an ironing board invented by Sarah Boone (January)  Bessie Coleman  born (pilot) - or 1893 (October)  Ida B. Wells  published  Southern Horrors: Lynch Law and in All Its Phases, beginning her public anti-lynching campaign (-1894) many African American womens clubs were founded for race and womens progress New York City (Victoria Earle Matthews)Brooklyn (Susan McKinney)Boston (Josephine St. Pierre Ruffin) 1893 World Columbian Exposition largely excluded African Americans. A few African American women spoke at the fairs Womens Congress on The Intellectual Progress of Colored Women of the US Since Emancipation: Fannie Barrier Williams spoke on the responsibility of white men for sexual exploitation of African American women. Anna Julia Cooper and Fanny Jackson Coppin also spoke.Ida B. Wells, Frederick Douglass, and Ferdinand Barnett wrote The Reason Why the Colored American is Not in the Columbian Exposition. African Methodist Episcopal Church founded the Womens Home and Foreign Missionary Society publication of  The Autobiography of Amanda Berry Smith, AME Evangelist Fanny Kemble died (wrote about slavery)   Lucy Stone  died (editor, abolitionist, womens rights advocate) (April 13)  Nella Larson  born (writer, nurse) (June 5)  Mary Ann Shadd Cary  died (journalist, teacher, abolitionist, activist) (-1903)  Hallie Brown  served as professor of elocution at Wilberforce University 1894 Sarah Parker Remond died (anti-slavery lecturer whose British lectures probably helped keep the British from entering the American Civil War on the side of the Confederacy) National Association of Colored Women began publishing  The Womans Era Gertrude Mossell published  The Work of the Afro-American Woman 1895 National Federation of Afro-American Women founded by about 100 women from ten different states, the first national federation of black womens clubs. Margaret Washington was elected the first president. Founders included Josephine St. Pierre Ruffin,  Mary Church Terrell, Fannie Barrier Williams   Ida B. Wells  published  Red Record, a statistical study of lynching Frederick Douglass died (abolitionist, womens rights activist, lecturer) 1896 National Federation of African American Women and the Colored Womens League merged into the National Association of Colored Women, selecting  Mary Church Terrell  as president (March 18) Supreme Court in  Plessy v. Ferguson  upholds Louisiana law segregating railway cars, invalidating the Civil Rights Act of 1875, and leading to the passage of many more Jim Crow laws (July 1)  Harriet Beecher Stowe  died (writer) (July 21) National Association of Colored Women formed;  Mary Church Terrell, president 1897 Harriet Tubman won pension for her Civil War military service Victoria Earle Matthews founded the White Rose Mission to provide aid to Southern black women moving to New York City Phillis Wheatley Home for Aged Colored Ladies founded by Fannie M. Richards in Detroit the first of many named for the poet  Phillis Wheatley  to provide housing and services for single African American women in large cities Charlamae Rollins born (writer, librarian)   A Slave Girls Story  published, autobiography of Kate Drumgold   Marita Bonner  born (writer, teacher) 1899   Maggie Lena Walker  became head (Right Worthy Grand Secretary) of the Independent Order of St. Luke Society, which she helped transform into an effective philanthropic society in Richmond, Virginia [Previous] [Next] [1492-1699] [1700-1799] [1800-1859] [1860-1869] [1870-1899] [1900-1919] [1910-1919] [1920-1929] [1930-1939] [1940-1949] [1950-1959] [1960-1969] [1970-1979] [1980-1989] [1990-1999] [2000-]

MGMT Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

MGMT - Essay Example The transition from a senior Finance student to a young professional in a reputable organization is a challenging process. The preparation process for this big change involves searching for reputable companies that have programs for absorbing fresh graduates. The search led to a chance in a reputable financial institution that is willing to hire me once I finish my final year. It also entails analyzing factors like shelter and the most suitable area in terms of cost and access to essential infrastructure. Therefore, it is necessary to prepare some little funds to help in securing shelter and food before settling in the new job. The change signifies a big career development because it is the step sets a student on a path to achieving big goals in life. The greatest personal challenge in this change is the fact that I have to meet new people and adapt to a new environment. The uncertainty associated with success makes the process hard to manage. The greatest organizational challenge is fitting into new teams and forming good relationships in the company. I am not sure of many things, which makes it difficult to prepare for the first day when I get to meet everyone. It would take time to form frigid friendships. The achievement of my goal to become an established professional can be hindered by organizational issues like the lack of facilitating factors, ambiguity, and lack of teamwork. An organization that has no framework that supports young graduates makes it difficult to get a practical sense of being a Finance professional. I will propose for the organization leadership to start programs that prepare senior students on adapting to the professional world after school. The achievement of my objective to become an established professional will be an addition to the organization. The suggestion to start programs to recruit senior students provides the organization with a chance to get the best talents. I will

Comparative Religion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Comparative Religion - Essay Example A history of Judaism from the viewpoint of the phenomenology of religion has yet to be written. The ways in which classic patterns of myth, symbol, and archetype survive the great transformations wrought by biblical religion and reappear, mutatis mutandis, in rabbinic and later Judaism are yet to be fully traced. Judaism closely interlinked with Sufism, early Muslim religious trend. (Neusner Jacob, 3-10) Sufism is based on a revelation that is not for esoterists only, it is necessarily linked with an exoterism together with which it forms a religion. That religion, like Buddhism and Christianity and unlike Hinduism and Judaism, is a world religion. But unlike the other two world religions, Islam is based, like Judaism, on a revealed message rather than on the messenger himself. That message is, moreover, the last revelation of this cycle of time, which means that its inner aspect, in addition to the universality that every esoterism possesses by its very nature. (Annamarie Schimmel, 177-178) The connection between pronouncing the name of God and hitbodedut, in the sense of seclusion in a special place, is already present in Sufism. The similarity of Rabbi Abraham Abulafia's approach to this subject to the Sufi system is well known, and one need not assume that this is mere chance.

The Old Barn Essay -- Descriptive Essay Examples, Observation

The Old Barn Having a special place is like having an invisible friend. It means the world to you, but nothing to the guy next door. It is not so often I get an opportunity to sit down and really see what is out there. I am able to sit in my special area in total peace and quiet for as long as I choose to do so. Anyone with noisy roommates knows just what I am talking about. Peace and quiet with kids in the house is extremely limited and you will usually do anything to be able to enjoy the silence. Having a place of my own is very special. It allows me to do the vast amounts of activities that I am not able to do in normal everyday life such as reading, thinking, and just being alone. I always go to a special barn when I want time to myself. No one ever knows I am out there and wouldn't even think about coming there to look for me because it is so dirty and old. The barn is quite a good distance away from the house. Making it even more secluded and empty. I can't hear or see any of my relatives from the window in the ban, which is an extra bonus for me. As I look at my barn I can tall it is very old and very run down. it hardly gets used and is full of old tractors. Relatives, now, that says a lot right there. Yes, I have them too. Those really nice relatives that tease me all the time because they still feel like I am just a little brat because I am so much younger then them. Those uncles that still talk to me like I just popped out of my mother's stomach. This is always and will always be a great reason for me to leave any area where anyone related to me happens to be. If you are in my shoes you are stuck in the middle of all of your relatives. Half of them are five or more years older then... ...communication between me and any other humans. This is my time, I do not have to live by the statement "you are on my time now", because this is my time and only my time. I can act as I please , think as I please, and be who I please. For this one single moment in time when I am in my special place I can go by my own rules. It is almost like for once you are your own boss and you live in your own little world, ruling just yourself. These are the reasons why I need my special place. Without a place to go I would probably have an ulcer. I believe that everyone needs a place to go to get away from it all. It is an opportunity to explore a new and unique world all of my own. I can enjoy activities that I once got to enjoy when I was a kid, I can think through all the problems in my head, and most of all, I can get away from those people who give me the ulcer.

Millers exploration of the American Dream in Death of A Salesman Essay

In the light of critical opinions discuss Miller’s exploration of the American Dream in Death of A Salesman in relation to the characters of Willy and Biff Loman. Focus upon the ideas of success and failure within the American Dream in relation to Miller’s portrayal of Willy’s idolisation of Biff and the effect this has on Biff’s life. The term ‘The American Dream’ by its very nature is an unrealistic phrase. The use of the word dream reflects the fact that although it is an aspirational concept it may not actually be achieved by the majority of the American population. Some may argue that it is a dream born of a system, which aims to exploit the hardworking people of America. In his critique of Death of A Salesman Leonard Moss states ‘Is he (Miller) not attacking in short, a system that is geared to exploit the common man?’? There are clearly instances within the play where the writer suggests it is impossible for Willy to achieve the dream. Although the concept of the American Dream is thought to result in equality amongst a nation of immigrants, it may be perceived as being dictatorial. This is because it is telling Americans how to live their lives and although one objective of the American Dream may be to achieve freedom, it may in actual fact be oppressing those in pursuit of it. The American Dream is explored throughout Death of A Salesman. Willy deludes himself into thinking that the American Dream is easy to obtain and will result in success for him. He believes that it will all come to him easily and that he is deserving of it. But realistically, he pins his hopes on the American Dream so much that it is the reason behind his demise. Willy’s faith in the American Dream remains strong although his own son confronts him with reality by saying â€Å"Will you take that dream and burn it before something happens?† (Page 102 Act 2). As one critic states, ‘the play romanticizes the rural-agarian dream but does not make it genuinely available to Willy’?. This implies that the American Dream has a purpose to lure Americans into a false sense of security believing that they can achieve the American Dream and financial success. This can be seen in the play as Willy fully believes in the concept of the American Dream but he doesn’t have any hope of achieving it. The play focuses on the American Dream and emphasizes what is perceived as success. Biff describes his desire to work in the country and be free â€Å"We don’t belong in this nuthouse of a city! We should be mixing cement on some open plain†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Page 43 Act 1) whereas Willy’s perception of success leads him to believe that he will automatically receive fame and fortune through commercial success. In contrast Biff wishes to live a simple life like that of the pioneer figure in the American Dream myth. This brings us to ask another question: What can be defined as success in the American Dream? For some it could mean that hard work and endurance results in financial security, acceptance and quality. The idea of success is very ambiguous as it could have different meanings to the individuals who want to achieve it as their lives are individual to them. ‘The whole life of the Loman family is dominated by this man’s idea of ‘success†?. Willy is in constant pursuit of the American Dream. Willy believes as long as he appears confident he will be liked by other people and that they will be buying into him as opposed to his products â€Å"Because the man who makes an appearance in the business world, the man who creates personal interest, is the man who gets ahead!† (Page 20 Act 1). He bases his work ethic on a successful salesman who had many people come to his funeral as he was very popular. However, at Willy’s funeral, he proves to be almost entirely friendless. Willy has deluded himself into thinking that he is so popular and well liked but it is suggested that self interest in society prevents emotional attachments. A key example of success is Ben. Willy is living in Ben’s shadow as he is the successful brother. He had the opportunity to go to Alaska with Ben but declined to stay in America. Ben was part of a team that discovered diamonds in the jungle and consequently earnt a fortune from this. Biff wants to soul search and find his place in society, but at the age of 34 he has not yet done so. Although, as a child, Biff appears to be popular and successful he finds that he cannot conform to society and is still trying to find somewhere he fits in. Biff challenges his father’s expectations of him by asking â€Å"Why am I trying to become what I don’t want to be?† (Page 99 Act 2). Miller is perhaps suggesting that economic instability results in the repression of individuality. Willy pins all his hopes on Biff. ‘Willy Loman suddenly sees how deeply his own son could care for him. This discovery pushes him to the final extreme of his illusion, crying out: ‘That boy – that boy is going to be magnificent!’ and: â€Å"Ben, he’ll worship me for it!†Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ?. He spots the potential in Biff and then begins to live his failed dreams through Biff. He puts a lot of pressure on Biff to succeed. This damages their relationship and may also have resulted in Biffs kleptomaniac tendencies (possibly a sign of rebellion). Biff initially appears to be the all American boy who is capable of achieving the American Dream but the play shows how the most promising of people can ultimately turn out to be nothing in life ‘Richard J. Foster states ‘Biff, who in the play as an amplification of reflection of Willy’s problems, has been nurtured on Willy’s dreams too. But he has been forced to see the truth†?. Willy idolised Biff when he was a child as he seemingly had everything and the potential in life to succeed. Willy tries to make himself a better person by making Biff successful. Subconsciously, Willy has realised that he has failed in life and will not achieve the American Dream, yet he fails to publically admit this; both to himself and his family. Biff is able to see that neither he nor Willy can achieve the American Dream and tries to let Willy know this indirectly â€Å"Biff realizes Willy had the wrong dreams. In accepting the truth about his father, Biff is able to make a decision about his future based on a realistic view of his capabilities†?. He rebels from his father’s ideals of success and ways of life and this could possible be a way in whi ch he is trying to tell his father that they cannot achieve the American Dream. The theme of unconditional support between father and son is explored in the play. â€Å"The character of Willy Loman is the â€Å"the little salesman with a pathetic belief in his worthless son†?. As Willy is living his dreams through Biff, his love for Biff is great. He is willing to do whatever it takes to get Biff to accomplish something in life. When Biff is failing in Maths, Willy encourages him to cheat, and this represents the lengths that Willy would go to, to help Biff. â€Å"That’s because he likes you. If somebody else took that ball there’d be an uproar† (Page 17 Act 1). Willy almost encourages Biff’s bad behaviour and excuses it because of his popularity. Willy’s father left him when he was a child. Moreover, he left no money or legacy to be passed onto Willy and Ben. This may have been the point in Willy’s life in which he began to suffer a social injustice as he felt determined to make something of himself to pass onto further generations to free them from the hardship that he suffered. As Willy does not achieve this Biff is his last hope of having success associated with him. Because his father left him as a child with nothing, he is determined to get Biff to achieve something so that the Loman name is held with high regard. The name Loman is somewhat ironic as its individual components are ‘low-man’. This is significant in the play as it represents the common man and someone of low status who may be stereotyped as being unsuccessful in life and will amount to nothing. The lack of success and achievements in Willy’s life have resulted in shifts between the past and present in his mind. The shifts between past and present represent a time when Willy’s life was promising and the American Dream was attainable. They also symbolize the irrational state of Willy’s mind. He is stuck in the past as it comforts him in times of trouble. He reminisces over, what seemed to be, his prime as both a salesman and a father. When the play is performed, it appears to be very rational and realistic when Willy walks through a wall for example, and this signifies how real these shifts are in Willy’s mind. They show the irrational mental state of Willy. Willy is confused about where he is going in life and his mind is in a state of confusion. The shifts between past and present may indicate his inability to cope with his life in the present and moreover may be a way for him to escape his troubles in the present day. ‘Willy is the dreamy salesman whose imagination is much larger than his sales ability’? and this relates to the shifts between past and present. His imagination may lead him to a world in which he has no fears and feels that his life is fulfilling. In contrast to this, the language he uses is very simplistic. Willy expresses himself through statements and clichà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½s that are repeated so frequently that they border on monotonous with one example being â€Å"I’ll make it all up to you Linda, I’ll -† (Page 25, Act 1) The shifts also reveal the truth, which is not distorted by Willy’s perceptions of events. This is a key aspect in the play as the rest of the play is influenced by Willy or Biff’s take on events. The shifts between past and present are an example of expressionism in which Miller explores the psychological state of Willy. A number of motifs are present in the play which are used to represent American materialism. One of which are the stockings. When Willy has a flashback into the past he is with The Woman who he has bought new stockings for. However, in the present Linda is mending her stockings. This epitomizes Willy’s inability to provide for his family. An additional motif demonstrating the same point is the fridge. The use of both of these points shows that Willy has been stripped of his masculinity. The flute is used extremely effectively as an expressionist device in Death of A Salesman. It expresses the mood of the play at a particular moment. At the start of the play â€Å"A melody is heard, played upon a flute† (Page 1 Act 1). The flute gives a feeling of spring and optimism, generally a joyous tone. There is a sharp contrast between the innocence of the initial melody and the description of Willy’s house which is overshadowed by â€Å"an angry glow of orange† (Page 1, Act 1). The flute is significant in the play as it focuses on stages in Willy’s life and notifies the audience of the nature of the scene. The audience is informed that Willy’s absent father played the flute and at this point â€Å"new music is heard, a high rollicking tune†. This might imply that Willy’s father was a happy go lucky salesman and it lays emphasis on the fact that Willy is not, adding to his many insecurities. The flute is quite sombre/sinister towards the end of the play. Willy commits suicide â€Å"as the car speeds off the music crashes down in a frenzy of sound which becomes the soft pulsation of a single cello string† (Page 105, Act 2). The final concept to consider is failure in the American Dream. Is the individual or the system to blame for the failure of the American Dream? It could be argued that if the individual is gullible enough to be taken in by the American Dream, they have no-one to blame but themselves if they fail. Failure in the American Dream may represent the naivety of the American population. ‘The system is not the one to blame; Willy can only blame himself for not becoming what he wanted to be’?. This supports the idea that the American Dream exists but it can only be achieved if the individual adapts the American Dream to their life and is willing to work hard to achieve it. Denial plays a key part in Willy’s lack of success in achieving the American Dream. He refuses to acknowledge that he is a failure. An example of this in the play is where Willy says that he’ll buy a new tape recorder (like the one Howard has) even though he is fully aware that he has no money to pay for it. â€Å"The Loman’s have unrealistic ideas of success. To Willy, the foundation of success is not education or hard work but rather ‘who you know and the smile on your face’?. Willy is a proud man who doesn’t want others to perceive him as a failure, as this would force him to confront reality, whereas he prefers to live in a world where he conceals his problems and keeps a false pretence that everything is fine. Biff, like Willy, ignores aspects of reality that do not fit in with his ideals â€Å"You’re a – you’re an idealist!† (Page 11 Act 1). Some may argue that the system is to blame but ultimately he creates his own destiny. Faith in the system motivated him throughout his life but towards the end it left him â€Å"tired to the death† (Page 2 Act 1) Reference List. ? ? ? ? Craig M. Garrison The System and the American Dream *DEATH OF A Salesman* (Online) http://playwrites.net/salesman1.html ? ? Bamber Gascoigne (1962) Twentieth Century Drama. Hutchinson &Co. ? ? K. Linderholm (1995) The American Dream. (Online) http://members.aol.com/sunny2345/salesman.html Accessed 01/12/2005 ? Leonard Moss (1980) Arthur Miller. Brief excerpt from the preface (Online) * J.C. Trewin (English Reviewer) Drama. Winter, 1949 Bibliography Spark Notes (Online) http://www.sparknotes.com/lit/salesman/ Garrison, M. Craig The System and the American Dream *DEATH OF A Salesman* (Online) http://playwrites.net/salesman1.html Gascoigne, Bamber (1962) Twentieth Century Drama. Hutchinson &Co. Linderholm, K (1995) The American Dream. (Online) http://members.aol.com/sunny2345/salesman.html Accessed 01/12/2005 Moss, Leonard (1980) Arthur Miller. Brief excerpt from the preface (Online) http://www.writing.upenn.edu/~afilreis/50s/miller-into.html Trewin , J.C. (English Reviewer) Drama. Winter, 1949 Carson, Neil. (1982) Arthur Miller. Macmillan Modern Dramatists. Chapter 4: Death of A Salesman, pp.44-59 Wikipedia (Online) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_of_a_Salesman http://www.bellmore-merrick.k12.ny.us/death.html Miller, Arthur (1958) From the Introduction to Collected Plays. Pp. 22-37

How Globalization Affects Developing Countries - 1504 Words

How Globalization Affects Developed Countries The phenomenon of globalization began in a primitive form when humans first settled into different areas of the world; however, it has shown a rather steady and rapid progress in the recent times and has become an international dynamic which, due to technological advancements, has increased in speed and scale, so that countries in all five continents have been affected and engaged. What Is Globalization? Globalization is defined as a process which, based on international strategies, aims to expand business operations on a worldwide level and was precipitated by the facilitation of global communications due to technological advancements, and socioeconomic, political and environmental†¦show more content†¦The transformation of the production systems affects the class structure, the labor process, the application of technology and the structure and organization of capital. Globalization is now seen as marginalizing the less educated and low-skilled workers. Business expansion will no longer automatically imply increased employment. Additionally, it can cause high remuneration of capital due to its higher mobility compared to labor. The phenomenon seems to be driven by three major forces: globalization of all product and financial markets, technology and deregulation. Globalization of product and financial markets refers to an increased economic integration in specialization and economies of scale, which will result in greater trade in financial services through both capital flows and cross-border entry activity. The technology factor, specifically telecommunication and information availability, have facilitated remote delivery and provided new access and distribution channels while revamping industrial structures for financial services by allowing entry of non-bank entities such as telecoms and utilities. 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